#3d earthquake particle motion full#
The result is a full energy beam when viewed from any angle except when viewed from the axis the quads are aligned to but usually the beam ends are capped by some geometry. A beam emitter is set of stretched quads along an axis where each quad is rotated about that axis. Beam Particles: A beam particle effect is usually used to visualize energy beams, laser beams, or light beams.Trail Particles: Trail particles are similar to billboard particles in the sense that they use an image (usually just a gradient image) but instead of just a quad, the trails are generated using a triangle strip that follows a spline path and usually tapers-off or fades-out at the end.They are called “billboard” because like a billboard you see on the side of the road, they are meant to display an image and they work best when they are facing you. Billboard Particles: Billboard particles are flat textured quads that are rotated to always face the camera.There are several different types of particle effects that can be created. They are also used to represent unnatural phenomenon such as magical effects, or waves of geometrically shapped enemies attacking the player character in a rectangular space. They are used to add visual flare and can simulate phenomenon that occur in nature such as dust, fire, water, or clouds. Particles systems have been used extensively in games for many years. 5.2 Taking full advantage of the power of the GPU.4.9 The ParticleEffect::BuildVertexBuffer Method.4.7 The ParticleEffect::EmitParticles Method.4.6 The ParticleEffect::EmitParticle Method.4.5 The ParticleEffect::RandomizeParticles Method.4.4 The ParticleEffect::RandomizeParticle Method.4.3 The ParticleEffect::LoadTexture Method.However, the results do serve as a guide to what should be expected, particularly with respect to increased amplification factors at sites located above the deeper parts of the basin. Therefore, the amplification factors reported here should be used with caution until they can be further tested against observations. However, there are uncertainties concerning accuracy of the basin model, model resolution, the omission of material with shear velocities lower than 1 km/s, and the fact that only nine scenarios have been considered. This result suggests that long-period ground-motion estimation can be improved considerably by including the 3D basin structure. This is a reduction of 54% and 51% compared to the values obtained for the regional 1D model and a 1D model defined by the velocity and density profile below a site in the middle of the basin (DOW), respectively. The synthetic and observed peak velocities agree within a factor of two and the log standard deviation of the residuals is 0.36. The simulation of the 1994 Northridge earthquake reproduces recorded 0–0.5 Hz particle velocities relatively well, in particular at near-source stations. The duration of shaking in the 3D model is found to be longer, by up to more than 60 seconds, relative to the 1D basin response. If the 3D amplification factors are divided by the 1D vertical SH-wave amplification below each site, they are lowered by up to a factor of 1.7. There is also some indication that amplification factors are greater for events located farther from the basin edge. The average amplification correlates with basin depth, with values near unity at sites above sediments with thickness less than 2 km, and up to factors near 6 above the deepest (≈ 9 km) and steepest-dipping parts of the basin.
Average amplification factors are up to a factor of 4, with the values from individual scenarios typically differing by as much as a factor of 2.5. Amplification is quantified as the peak velocity obtained from the 3D simulation divided by that predicted using a regional one-dimensional (1D) crustal model.
Here, 0–0.5 Hz finite-difference, finite-fault simulations are used to estimate the three-dimensional (3D) response of the Los Angeles basin to nine different earthquake scenarios. Due to a dearth of empirical ground-motion observations, theoretical simulations constitute our best hope of addressing this issue.
To account for basin response in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, therefore, we need to know the average amplification and intrinsic variability (standard deviation) at each site, given all earthquakes of concern in the region. However, the amplification at any given site can vary with earthquake location. It is well established that sedimentary basins can significantly amplify earthquake ground motion.
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